Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures
Volume IV: Contents
| List of Contributors.................................................................................................................... | xiii |
| List of Illustrations ..................................................................................................................... | xix |
| Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................... | xxi |
| Preface (Suad Joseph) .............................................................................................................. | xxiii |
| Cities: Colonial Cities | |
| Arab States (Petra Kuppinger)................................................................................................... | 1 |
| South Asia (William J. Glover)................................................................................................... | 5 |
| Sub-Saharan Africa (Ulrike Schuerkens).................................................................................... | 6 |
| Cities: Homelessness | |
| South Asia (Shayer Ghafur)................................................................................................... | 10 |
| Cities: Informal Settlements | |
| Arab States (excepting Sudan) (Mona Fawaz)............................................................................ | 13 |
| Indonesia: Jakarta (Hegel Terome).............................................................................................. | 15 |
| Sudan (Gamal Mahmoud Hamid)................................................................................................ | 18 |
| Turkey ( Tahire Erman).............................................................................................................. | 20 |
| Cities: Islamic Cities | |
| Overview (Susan Ossman)......................................................................................................... | 23 |
| Cities: Urban Built Environments | |
| Iran (Z. Pamela Karimi)............................................................................................................. | 28 |
| North Africa (Magda Sibley)..................................................................................................... | 29 |
| South Asia (Elizabeth Dean Hermann)........................................................................................ | 31 |
| Southeast Europe (Heiko Wimmen)............................................................................................ | 34 |
| Cities: Urban Identities | |
| Arab States (Arlene MacLeod).................................................................................................. | 39 |
| Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur (Sylva Frisk)........................................................................................ | 41 |
| (Kristine J. Ajrouch)................................................................................................................... | 44 |
| The Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey (G. Carole Woodall).................................................. | 46 |
| South Asia (Uzma Jamil)............................................................................................................ | 47 |
| Southeast Europe (Burcu Akan Ellis).......................................................................................... | 49 |
| Cities: Urban Movements | |
| Southern Thailand and Northern Malaysia (Alexander Horstmann).............................................. | 53 |
| Development: Community-Based Organizations | |
| Arab States (excepting North Africa) (Janine A. Clark)............................................................... | 56 |
| Central Asia (Sairagul Matikeyeva)............................................................................................ | 57 |
| Egypt: Gam’iyyat (Sarah Sabry)................................................................................................. | 59 |
| The Gulf (Dawn Chatty)............................................................................................................. | 61 |
| Iran (Pardis Ghandehari)............................................................................................................ | 62 |
| North Africa (Mara K. Berkland)............................................................................................... | 63 |
| Turkey (Hande A. Birkalan-Gedik)............................................................................................ | 64 |
| The United States (Maryam Funches)......................................................................................... | 66 |
| Yemen (Sabria Mohammed Al-Thawr)....................................................................................... | 70 |
| Development: Discourses and Practices | |
| Afghanistan (Carol J. Riphenburg)............................................................................................... | 72 |
| Arab States (excepting Sudan) (Jennifer C. Olmsted).................................................................. | 73 |
| Turkey (Ipek Ilkkaracan)............................................................................................................ | 76 |
| Development: Family | |
| Overview (Shelley Feldman & Lindy Williams)........................................................................... | 79 |
| Iran and Afghanistan (Manal Omar)............................................................................................ | 84 |
| Southeast Asia (Shelley Feldman & Lindy Williams).................................................................... | 85 |
| Development: Housing Policies and Projects | |
| North Africa (Magda Sibley)...................................................................................................... | 91 |
| Development: Non Governmental Organizations | |
| Afghanistan (Lina Abirafeh)........................................................................................................ | 93 |
| Central Asia (Sairagul Matikeyeva)............................................................................................. | 93 |
| Eastern Europe (Kristen Ghodsee).............................................................................................. | 96 |
| The Gulf (Helen Mary Rizzo)...................................................................................................... | 98 |
| Iran (Elizabeth M. Bucar)........................................................................................................... | 99 |
| Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and Palestine (Salma Aown Shawa)........................................................ | 100 |
| South Asia (Sadeka Halim)......................................................................................................... | 102 |
| Turkey (Hande A. Birkalan-Gedik)............................................................................................. | 105 |
| Development: Sustainable Development | |
| Afghanistan (Lina Abirafeh)........................................................................................................ | 108 |
| Eastern Europe (Kristen Ghodsee).............................................................................................. | 108 |
| Turkey (Ece C. Karadagli)......................................................................................................... | 111 |
| Economics: Access to Credit Organizations | |
| Egypt (Mariz Tadros)................................................................................................................. | 113 |
| Sudan (Endre Stiansen & Michael Kevane)................................................................................. | 114 |
| Turkey (Semsa Ozar)................................................................................................................. | 116 |
| Economics: Advertising and Marketing | |
| Egypt (Nancy Y. Renolds).......................................................................................................... | 118 |
| South Asia (Zohra Yusuf)........................................................................................................... | 120 |
| Turkey (Hande Bilsel)................................................................................................................. | 122 |
| Economics: Agricultural Labor | |
| Central Arab States (Alessandra Galié)...................................................................................... | 124 |
| Egypt (Nicholas S. Hopkins)...................................................................................................... | 126 |
| Iran (Fatemeh Moghadam)......................................................................................................... | 127 |
| Sub-Saharan Africa: East Africa (Richard Ford)......................................................................... |
129 |
| Turkey, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Afghanistan (Ann Evans Larimore)................................ |
132 |
| Yemen (Najwa Adra)................................................................................................................. | 136 |
| Economics: Child Labor | |
| Iran and Afghanistan (Anisseh Van Engeland)............................................................................. | 138 |
| South Asia (Syeda Sharmin Absar)............................................................................................. | 139 |
| Sub-Saharan Africa (W. Stephen Howard)................................................................................. | 142 |
| .Turkey (Dilek Temiz)................................................................................................................. | 144 |
| Economics: Commodification and Consumption | |
| Arab States (Mona Russell)........................................................................................................ | 146 |
| Iran (Alexandru Balasescu)......................................................................................................... | 149 |
| Turkey (Suheyla Kirca Schroeder).............................................................................................. | 150 |
| Economics: Cottage Industries | |
| Egypt (Ann Gardner).................................................................................................................. | 152 |
| North Africa (Susan Schaefer Davis).......................................................................................... | 154 |
| South Asia (Syeda Sharmin Absar)............................................................................................. | 156 |
| Economics: Crafts | |
| Afghanistan (Beth Gottschling).................................................................................................... | 160 |
| The Caucasus (Sonia Chinn)....................................................................................................... | 160 |
| Central Asia (Elmira Gyul).......................................................................................................... | 161 |
| India (Soumhya Venkatesan)...................................................................................................... |
163 |
| Turkey (Zarrin G. Tandogan)...................................................................................................... | 166 |
| Economics: Foreign Aid | |
| Afghanistan (Graeme Wood)...................................................................................................... | 168 |
| Egypt (Mariz Tadros)................................................................................................................. |
169 |
| Iran (Geoffrey Gresh)................................................................................................................. | 171 |
| Turkey (Geoffrey Gresh)............................................................................................................ | 172 |
| Economics: Global Markets | |
| Turkey (Saniya Dedeoglu).......................................................................................................... | 174 |
| Economics: Industrial Labor | |
| Egypt (Mariz Tadros)................................................................................................................. | 175 |
| The Ottoman Empire (Akram Fouad Khater).............................................................................. | 177 |
| South Asia (Dina M. Siddiqi)...................................................................................................... | 178 |
| Turkey (Yildiz Ecevit)................................................................................................................. |
180 |
| Economics: Informal Sector | |
| Egypt (Mariz Tadros)................................................................................................................. | 182 |
| Iran (Fatemeh Moghadam)......................................................................................................... | 183 |
| North Africa (Paula Holmes-Eber).............................................................................................. | 185 |
| North America (Arlene Dallalfar)................................................................................................ | 186 |
| South Asia (Rehana Ghadially).................................................................................................... |
189 |
| Sub-Saharan Africa (Irene Tinker).............................................................................................. | 191 |
Turkey (Sibel Kalaycioglu)......................................................................................................... |
194 |
| Economics: Islamic Banks | |
| Overview (Abdullah Saeed)....................................................................................................... | 196 |
| Economics: Labor and Health | |
| South Asia (Vibhuti Patel)........................................................................................................... | 199 |
| Turkey (Ozlem Ozkan)............................................................................................................... | 201 |
| The United States |
| Economics: Labor Profiles | |
| Arab States (Jennifer C. Olmsted).............................................................................................. | 204 |
| Iran (Sharon M. Karkehabadi)................................................................................................... | 207 |
| Turkey (Inci Kuzgun)................................................................................................................. | 209 |
| Economics: Land Reform | |
| Central Asia (Viloyat Mirzoeva).................................................................................................. | 211 |
| Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria (Allesandra Galié).................................................................... | 212 |
| The Ottoman Empire (Keiko Kiyotaki)....................................................................................... | 214 |
| Yemen (Najwa Adra)................................................................................................................. | 215 |
| Economics: Markets and Trading | |
| Sub-Saharan Africa (Rannveig Haga).......................................................................................... | 216 |
| Turkey (Hatice Deniz Yukseker)................................................................................................. | 218 |
| Economics: Paid Domestic Labor | |
| Central Arab States, Egypt, and Yemen (Annelies Moors).......................................................... | 220 |
| The Gulf and Saudi Arabia (Rima Sabban).................................................................................. | 222 |
| South Asia (Munira Ismail)......................................................................................................... | 224 |
| Southeast Asia (Shirlena Huang, Brenda S. A. Yeoh & Noorashikin Abdul Rahman)................... | 226 |
| Turkey (Sibel Kalaycioglu)......................................................................................................... | 230 |
| Economics: Pastoral Economies | |
| Arab States (excepting North Africa) (William Lancaster & Fidelity Lancaster)............................ | 232 |
| Central Asia (Meryem Hakim).................................................................................................... | 235 |
| Economics: Professional Occupations | |
| Turkey (Hayat Kabasakal & Idil V. Evcimen)............................................................................. | 238 |
| Economics: Sex Workers | |
| The Caucasus (Hula Demirdirek)................................................................................................ | 240 |
| Central Asia (Saltanat Sulaimanova)............................................................................................ | 240 |
| Egypt (Debra Budiani)................................................................................................................ | 242 |
| Iran: Early Modern (up to ca. 1900) (Rudi Matthee)................................................................... | 242 |
| Iran: Modern (Kamiar Alaei, Rouzbeh Jahangiri & Arash Alaei).................................................. | 243 |
| Israel (Martha Kruger)............................................................................................................... | 244 |
| Sub-Saharan Africa (Nazaneen Homaifar).................................................................................. | 245 |
| Central Asia (Saltanat Sulaimanova)............................................................................................ | 247 |
| Economics: Small Businesses | |
| Egypt (Mariz Tadros)................................................................................................................. | 252 |
| Iran (Mohammed R. Esfidani & Masoud Karami Zarandi)........................................................... | 253 |
| Turkey (Gulen Elmas Arslan & M. Demet Ulusoy)...................................................................... | 255 |
| Economics: Social and Welfare Policies | |
| Central Arab States and North Africa (Jennifer C. Olmsted)........................................................ | 257 |
| The Gulf (Helen Mary Rizzo)...................................................................................................... | 258 |
| Turkey (Meryem Koray)............................................................................................................ | 260 |
| Economics: Traditional Professions | |
| Arab States (Willy Jansen)......................................................................................................... | 262 |
| Turkey (Hande A. Birkalan-Gedik)............................................................................................ | 266 |
| Economics: World Markets | |
| The Ottoman Empire (Irvin Cemil Schick & Nilufer A. Isvan)...................................................... | 268 |
| Education: Colonial | |
| Azarbaijan (Mitra Raheb)........................................................................................................... | 273 |
| Egypt (Mona Russell)................................................................................................................. | 274 |
| North Africa (Joshua Schreier)................................................................................................... | 275 |
| Education: Colonial and Missionary | |
| Sub-Saharan Africa: West Africa (Abdulai Iddrisu)..................................................................... | 278 |
| Education: Missionary | |
| Arab States (excepting Sudan and North Africa) (Ellen Fleischmann).......................................... | 281 |
| North Africa (Julia Clancy-Smith)............................................................................................... | 283 |
| The Ottoman Empire, Nineteenth Century (Barbara Reeves-Ellington)......................................... | 285 |
| Sudan (Heather J. Sharkey).................................................................................................................................... | 287 |
| Education: (Early through Late) Modern | |
| Afghanistan (Sakena Yacoobi).................................................................................................... | 289 |
| Azerbaijan (Mitra Raheb)........................................................................................................... | 289 |
| Central Asia (Shoshana Keller)................................................................................................... | 291 |
| Great Britain (Audrey Osler)....................................................................................................... | 297 |
| Indonesia (Susan Blackburn)...................................................................................................... | 300 |
| Iran (Patricia J. Higgins).............................................................................................................. | 304 |
| North America (Tara Bahrampour)............................................................................................. |
306 |
| The Ottoman Empire (Selcuk Aksin Somel)................................................................................ | 308 |
| Yemen (Sabria Mohammed Al-Thawr)....................................................................................... | 309 |
| Education: National Curricula | |
| The Gulf and Saudi Arabia (Reima al-Jarf).................................................................................. | 312 |
| Iran (Sharon M. Karkehabadi)................................................................................................... | 313 |
| North Africa (Loubna Hanna Skalli)............................................................................................ | 314 |
| Turkey (Senem Aslan)................................................................................................................ | 316 |
| Yemen (Susanne Dahlgren)......................................................................................................... | 317 |
| Education: Post-Secondary | |
| Egypt (Iman Farag).................................................................................................................... | 320 |
| Great Britain (Audrey Osler)....................................................................................................... | 321 |
| Iran and Afghanistan (Akbar Aghajanian).................................................................................... | 323 |
| Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, and Iraq (Willy Jansen).......................................................... | 324 |
| Southeast Europe (Georgeta Nazarska)...................................................................................... | 326 |
| Turkey (Fatma Nevra Seggie)..................................................................................................... | 330 |
| Education: Pre-Modern, Pre-Nineteenth Century | |
| Afghanistan (Mark David Luce).................................................................................................. | 332 |
| Central Asia (Nurten Kilic-Schubel)............................................................................................ | 333 |
| Morocco (Amira K.Bennison).................................................................................................... | 334 |
| Sub-Saharan Africa: West Africa (Jean Boyd)............................................................................ | 336 |
| Education: Vocational | |
| Iran (Guitty Nassehy Tabrizi)...................................................................................................... | 338 |
| North America (Shaheen Azmi).................................................................................................. | 339 |
| Turkey (Soon-Yong Pak)........................................................................................................... | 341 |
| Western Europe (Fauzia Ahmad)................................................................................................ | 342 |
| Education: Women's Religious | |
| Arab States (excepting the Gulf and North Africa) (Asma Sayeed).............................................. | 345 |
| Central Asia (Cennet Engin Demir)............................................................................................. | 346 |
| Jamaica (Sultana Afroz).............................................................................................................. | 348 |
| The Ottoman Empire (Leila Hudson)........................................................................................... | 350 |
| South Asia (Uzma Jamil)............................................................................................................. | 352 |
| Turkey (M. Brett Wilson)........................................................................................................... | 353 |
| United States: African American Muslims (Debra Mubashshir Majeed)........................................ | 354 |
| Western Europe (Gema Martín Munoz)...................................................................................... | 357 |
| Environment | |
| Overview (Minako Sakai).......................................................................................................... | 359 |
| Environment: Change and Natural Resource Extraction | |
| Egypt (Nicholas S. Hopkins)...................................................................................................... | 365 |
| Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria (Gloria Saliba)......................................................................... | 366 |
| Palestine (Nadia Abu-Zahra)...................................................................................................... | 369 |
| Sub-Saharan Africa (Solange Bandiaky)..................................................................................... | 372 |
| Turkey (Leila M. Harris)............................................................................................................. | 374 |
| Environment: Environmental Organizations | |
| Arab States (Nadia Abu-Zahra)................................................................................................. | 376 |
| Environment: Water and Pollution | |
| Arab States (Hussein A. Amery)................................................................................................. | 381 |
| Central Asia (Elke Herrfahrdt).................................................................................................... | 383 |
| Turkey (Leila M. Harris)............................................................................................................. | 384 |
| Information Technologies | |
| Overview (Deborah L.Wheeler)................................................................................................. | 386 |
| Migration: Asylum | |
| Overview (Deborah E. Anker & Paul T. Lufkin)......................................................................... | 390 |
| Migration: Diasporas in Muslim Societies | |
| Turkey (Meryem Hakim)............................................................................................................ | 394 |
| Migration: Environmental Displacement | |
| Egypt (Elizabeth Bishop)............................................................................................................ | 396 |
Jordan, Syria, Saudi, Saudi Arabia and Northern United Arab Emirates (UAE) (William Lancaster & Fidelity Lancaster).................................................................................................. |
397 |
| Sub-Saharan Africa (Leslie Gray)............................................................................................... | 400 |
| Turkey (Suheyla Turkyilmaz)...................................................................................................... | 401 |
| Migration: Internal Displacement | |
| Central Asia (Keith A. Leitich).................................................................................................... | 404 |
| Iran and Afghanistan (Anisseh Van Engeland).............................................................................. | 405 |
| The Kurds (Diane E. King)......................................................................................................... | 407 |
| Sub-Saharan Africa (Kabahenda Nyakabwa)............................................................................. | 410 |
| Migration: Labor and Remittances | |
| South Asia (Rita Afsar)............................................................................................................... | 413 |
| Sub-Saharan Africa (Scott M. Youngstedt)................................................................................. | 415 |
| Turkey (Ipek Ilkkaracan)............................................................................................................ | 417 |
| Migration: Muslim Diasporas | |
| North America (Karen Isaksen Leonard).................................................................................... | 419 |
| South America (John Tofik Karam)............................................................................................ | 422 |
| Sub-Saharan Africa (Mayke Kaag)............................................................................................ | 424 |
| Sub-Saharan Africa: The Lebanese in Sierra Leone (Lina Beydoun)............................................ | 427 |
| Migration: Policies and Laws | |
| Central Asia (Dilchoda Berdieva)................................................................................................ | 430 |
| Egypt (Carla Doughtry).............................................................................................................. | 431 |
| Iran and Afghanistan (Asya El-Meehy)........................................................................................ | 433 |
| Southeast Asia (Sharifah Suhanah Syed Ahmad)......................................................................... | 435 |
| Western Europe (Gunther Dietz)................................................................................................. | 437 |
| Migration: Refugee Camps | |
| Eastern Europe (Stevan M. Weine & Natalie M. Hogan)............................................................ | 441 |
| Palestine (Diane K. Allan)........................................................................................................... | 443 |
| Sub-Saharan Africa: West Africa (Lacey Andrews Gale)............................................................ | 445 |
| Sudan (Anita Fábos).................................................................................................................. | 447 |
| Turkey (Cherie Taraghi)............................................................................................................. | 449 |
| Migration: Refugee Education | |
| Afghanistan (Jackie Kirk)........................................................................................................... | 451 |
| Canada (Jasmin Zine)................................................................................................................. | 451 |
| Iran (Anisseh Van Engeland)....................................................................................................... | 453 |
| Sudan (Anita Fábos).................................................................................................................. | 454 |
| Turkey (Cherie Taraghi)............................................................................................................. | 456 |
| Western and Northern Europe (Saphinaz-Amal Naguib)............................................................. | 457 |
| Migration: Diasporas in Muslim Societies | |
| Overview (Julie Peteet)............................................................................................................... | 459 |
| Migration: Refugee Women's Narratives | |
| Afghanistan (Ayesha Khan)........................................................................................................ | 464 |
| Great Britain (Jennifer Langer).................................................................................................... | 465 |
| Sudan (Anita Fábos).................................................................................................................. | 466 |
| Migration: Refugees and Health | |
| Arab States (including the Kurds) (Elizabeth Coker).................................................................... | 469 |
| Iran (Diane Tober)..................................................................................................................... | 471 |
| Turkey (Cherie Taraghi)............................................................................................................. | 474 |
| Migration: Regional | |
| Afghanistan (Geoffrey Gresh)...................................................................................................... | 476 |
| Central Asia (Julia Droeber)....................................................................................................... | 477 |
| Iran (Geoffrey Gresh)................................................................................................................. | 479 |
| South Africa (Shahid Vawda)..................................................................................................... | 479 |
| South Asia (Meenakshi Thapan)................................................................................................. | 483 |
| Turkey (Harice Deniz Yukseker)................................................................................................ | 485 |
| Migration: Repatriation | |
| Turkey (Cherie Taraghi)............................................................................................................. | 486 |
| Migration: Safe Havens | |
| Overview (Julie Peteet)............................................................................................................... | 487 |
| Poverty | |
| Overview (Adam Sabra)............................................................................................................ | 490 |
| Egypt (Simel Esim)..................................................................................................................... | 492 |
| North Africa (Loubna Hanna Skalli)............................................................................................ | 495 |
| Turkey (Suheyla Turkyilmaz)...................................................................................................... | 497 |
| Slavery | |
| East Asia and Southeast Asia (Anthony Reid)............................................................................. | 504 |
| North Africa (Chouki El Hamel)................................................................................................. | 506 |
| The Ottoman Empire (Madeline C. Zilfi)..................................................................................... | 508 |
| Sub-Saharan Africa (Quentin Gausset)........................................................................................ | 510 |
| Space: Architecture | |
| The Ottoman Empire (Lucienne Thys-Senocak).......................................................................... | 514 |
| South Asia (Shayer Ghafur)........................................................................................................ | 518 |
| Turkey (Hande A. Birkalan-Gedik)............................................................................................. | 520 |
| Yemen (Noha Sadek)................................................................................................................ | 521 |
| Space: Domestic | |
| The Gulf (Lisa Wynn)................................................................................................................. | 523 |
| Iran and Afghanistan (Palwasha L. Kakar & Brandy Bauer)........................................................ | 524 |
| North Africa (Rachel Newcomb)................................................................................................ | 525 |
| Turkey (Arzu Ozturkmen)........................................................................................................... | 527 |
| Western Europe (Edien Bartels).................................................................................................. | 528 |
| Yemen (Gabriele vom Bruck)..................................................................................................... | 530 |
| Space: Female Space | |
| Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Palestine (Christa Salamandra)............................................... | 531 |
| The Gulf (Lisa Wynn)................................................................................................................. | 533 |
| India (Lina Gupta)...................................................................................................................... | 534 |
| Iran and Afghanistan (Palwasha L. Kakar & Brandy Bauer)........................................................ | 536 |
| North Africa (Rachel Newcomb)................................................................................................ | 538 |
| Turkey (Arzu Ozturkmen)........................................................................................................... | 539 |
| Space: Hammam | |
| Overview (Marjo Buitelaar)........................................................................................................ | 541 |
| Space: Harem | |
| Overview (Irvin Cemil Schick).................................................................................................... | 544 |
| Space: Mosques | |
| Arab States (excepting the Gulf and North Africa) (Asma Sayeed).............................................. | 549 |
| North Africa (Michelle A. Rein)................................................................................................. | 550 |
| South Asia (Maimuna Huq)........................................................................................................ | 552 |
| Sub-Saharan Africa: West Africa (Cleo Cantone)....................................................................... | 555 |
| Yemen (Noha Sadek)................................................................................................................ | 557 |
| Tourism | |
| Egypt (Lisa Wynn)..................................................................................................................... | 559 |
| Morocco (Patricia L. Kelly Spurles)........................................................................................... | 560 |
| Sub-Saharan Africa: East Africa (Ute Schulz).............................................................................. | 562 |
| Indices to Volume IV | |
| Name Index............................................................................................................................... | 565 |
| Subject Index............................................................................................................................. | 576 |