Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures





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Volume III: Contents

List of Contributors..................................................................................................................... xi
List of Illustrations....................................................................................................................... xv
Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................................... xvii
Preface (Suad Joseph)................................................................................................................ xxi

Aging
Arab States (Kathryn Yount)....................................................................................................... 1
Central Asia (Kathleen Kuehnast) ............................................................................................... 3
Europe (Bahira Sherif Trask) ...................................................................................................... 5
Iran and Afghanistan (Mary Elaine Hegland)................................................................................. 7
South Asia (Mary Elaine Hegland)............................................................................................... 9
Sub-Saharan Africa (Julianne E. Freeman)................................................................................... 11
Turkey (E. Olcay Imamoğlu)........................................................................................................ 13
United States (Sonia Salari)......................................................................................................... 14

Amulets, Fortune Telling and Magic
Arab States (excepting North Africa) (Kate Zirbel)...................................................................... 17
Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Afghanistan (Victoria Arakelova & Mushegh Asatrian) ....... 18
North Africa (Nedjima Plantade)................................................................................................. 21
South Asia (Joyce Burkhalter Flueckiger)..................................................................................... 22
Southeast Asia (Anne Kathrine Larsen)........................................................................................ 24

Bodily Waste
Overview (Etin Anwar) ............................................................................................................... 27

Body: Female
Egypt and Sudan (Janice Boddy).................................................................................................
 34
The Gulf and Saudi Arabia (Lisa Wynn)....................................................................................... 36
Iran (Negar Mottahedeh)............................................................................................................. 36
Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Palestine (Leila Hudson)................................................................................ 37
North Africa (Susan Ossman)...................................................................................................... 39
Sub-Saharan Africa (Hudita Nura Mustafa).................................................................................. 40
Turkey, Central Asia, and the Caucasus (Hande A. Birkalan-Gedik)............................................. 43
Yemen (Najwa Adra).................................................................................................................. 47

Breast Feeding
Central Asia (Laurie Krieger)....................................................................................................... 49
Turkey (Hande A. Birkalan)......................................................................................................... 51

Celibacy
Overview (Jamila Bargach).......................................................................................................... 52

Child Marriage
Arab States (Barbara Ibrahim & Alyce Abdalla).......................................................................... 54
Central Asia (William Clark) ....................................................................................................... 55
The Ottoman Empire (Mahmoud Yazbak).................................................................................... 57
Southeast Asia, Australia and the Pacific (Sally White)................................................................. 58
Sub-Saharan Africa, Overview (Najma Moosa)........................................................................... 61
Sub-Saharan Africa (Erica Chong)............................................................................................... 63

Childhood: Coming Age of Rituals
Malaysia (Nor Faridah Abdul Manaf) ......................................................................................... 68
North America (Taslim Madhani) ................................................................................................ 71
Sub-Saharan Africa: West Africa (Ylva Hernlund)........................................................................ 73
Turkey, Caucasus and Central Asia (Ildikó Bellér-Hann).............................................................. 74

Childhood: Premodern and Modern
Overview (Elizabeth Warnock Fernea) ........................................................................................ 77
Central Asia (Kathleen Kuenast).................................................................................................. 82
Iran and Afghanistan (Erika Loeffler Friedl).................................................................................. 83
The Ottoman Empire (Kathryn R. Libal)....................................................................................... 84
Turkey (Kathryn R. Libal) ........................................................................................................... 86
United States (Katherine Pratt Ewing) ......................................................................................... 87

Courtship
Arab States (Lisa Wynn) ............................................................................................................ 90
Canada (Kirstin Sabrina Dane) ................................................................................................... 91
Central Asia (William Clark)........................................................................................................ 93
South Asia (Neena Khanna) ....................................................................................................... 94
Turkey (Nuran Hortaçsu)............................................................................................................. 96

Disabilities
Arab States (Souraya Sue ElHessen) .......................................................................................... 98
South Asia (Neena Khanna)........................................................................................................ 99

Food Preparation
Arab States (Juan E Campo and Magda Campo)........................................................................
 103
Arabian Peninsula (Ianthe Mary Maclagan)................................................................................. 107
The Caucasus (Mary Ellen Chatwin & Mamed Suleimanov)........................................................ 108
Central Asia, Iran and Afghanistan (Najmieh Batmanglij)............................................................. 109
France (Florence Bergeaud-Blackler) ........................................................................................ 111
North America (Andrew P. Haley).............................................................................................. 113
South Asia (Chitrita Banerji) ...................................................................................................... 116

Funerary Practices
Central Asia (Hélène Perrin-Wagner).......................................................................................... 118
Iran and Afghanistan (Jamsheed K. Choksy) .............................................................................. 119
North Africa (Lilia Labidi) .......................................................................................................... 122
Sub-Saharan Africa: East Africa (Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi).....................................................
 124
Sub-Saharan Africa: West Africa (Zainab Jerrett) ....................................................................... 125

Genital Cutting
Africa and the Middle East (Nour Kassamali) ............................................................................. 129
Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand (Nour Kassamali)...................................... 132

Heath: Drug Use
Arab States (Abdallah H. Mansour & Elizabeth M. Coker)......................................................... 135
Central Asia (Colette Harris) ..................................................................................................... 136
Iran (Saeid Madani Ghahfarokhi)................................................................................................ 138
Turkey (Tilmann Holzer) ............................................................................................................ 140

Heath: Education
Arab States (Robin Heath) ........................................................................................................ 142
South Asia (Sarah J. Halvorson) ................................................................................................
 143
Sub-Saharan Africa (Melissa Filippi-Franz) ............................................................................... 147

Heath: HIV and AIDS
The Caucasus (Ali Artaman) ...................................................................................................... 151
Central Asia (Dilnara Isamidinova).............................................................................................. 152
Iran (Arash Alaei & Kamiar Alaei).............................................................................................. 154
South and Southeast Asia (Marina Mahathir) .............................................................................. 155
Sub-Saharan Africa (Patricia Siplon) ..........................................................................................
 158
The United States (Anahid Dervartanian Kulwicki)......................................................................
 161

Health Policies
Central Asia (Fuad Aliev)........................................................................................................... 164
Central Asia (Akbar Aghajanian) ............................................................................................... 165
South Asia (Aaron D.A. Shakow) .............................................................................................. 167
Sub-Saharan Africa: Fulbe Societies (Fouzieyha Towghi) ........................................................... 169

Health and Poverty
Arab States (Jahid Makhoul) .....................................................................................................
 172
Caucasus and Central Asia (Payam Faroughi) ............................................................................ 174
Ottoman Empire (Leila Hudson) ................................................................................................. 176
South Asia (Yasmeen Mohiuddin)............................................................................................... 177
Southeast Asia, East Asia, Australia and the Pacific (Ines Smyth) ................................................ 181
Sub-Saharan Africa (Shobana Shankar) ..................................................................................... 185

Health Practices
Central Asia (Colette Harris)....................................................................................................... 189
Ottoman Empire (Miri Shefer)..................................................................................................... 190
Southeast Asia and Australia (Linda Bennett).............................................................................. 191
Sub-Saharan Africa (Diana Gibson)............................................................................................ 197
West Europe (Theresia Jorg)...................................................................................................... 202

Health Practices and Nutrition and Dietary Practices
North America (Angela Odoms-Young & Sawsan Abdulrahim) ................................................. 205

Health and Reproductive Health
Overview (Kathryn Yount).........................................................................................................
 211

Health: Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Arab States (Jocelyn DeJong) .................................................................................................... 219
Central Asia (Ali Artaman) ......................................................................................................... 221
East Asia, Australia and the Pacific (Stella R. Quah).................................................................... 223
Iran (Arash Alaei & Kamiar Alaei).............................................................................................. 225

Incest
Overview (Jamila Bargach) ........................................................................................................ 227

Love: Modern Discourses
Arab States (Ellen McLarney) .................................................................................................... 229
Central Asia (Colette Harris) ...................................................................................................... 230
Iran (Afsaneh Najmabadi) .......................................................................................................... 232
Ottoman Empire (Selim Kuru) .................................................................................................... 234

Love: Pre-Modern Discourses
Persian, Arabic, the Ottoman Empire, Andalusian and South Asia Overview (Sunil Sharma)......... 236
Rindu (Longing) (Anne-Marie Hilsdon)....................................................................................... 241

Household Division of Labor
Central Asia (Dono Abdurazakova) ........................................................................................... 237
Iran and Afghanistan (Erika Loeffler Friedl) ................................................................................ 238
South Asia (Sajeda Amin) .......................................................................................................... 239
Southeast Asia (Theresa W. Devasahayam) ............................................................................... 242
Sub-Saharan Africa (Beth Anne Buggenhagen) ........................................................................... 245
Turkey and the Caucasus (Nilüfer A. İsvan) ............................................................................... 247

Marriage: Islamic Discourses
Overview (Riffat Hassan)............................................................................................................ 246

Marriage Practices
Arab States (Hanan Kholoussy).................................................................................................. 250
Canada (Kirstin Sabrina Dane)................................................................................................... 252
The Caucasus (Mary Ellen Chatwin) .......................................................................................... 253
Central Asia (Chiara De Santi) ................................................................................................... 255
East Africa (Karen A. Porter) .................................................................................................... 257
The Ottoman Empire (Madeline C. Zilfi)..................................................................................... 259
South Asia (Nasreen Fazalbhoy)................................................................................................. 260
Turkey (Kimberly Hart).............................................................................................................. 262
The United States (Lori Peek) .................................................................................................... 264

Mental Health
Arab States (Josi Agnes Salem-Pickartz) ................................................................................... 268
Canada (Shahina Siddiqui).......................................................................................................... 270
Iran (Nahaleh Moshtagh & Nasim Dezhkam).............................................................................. 272
Ottoman Empire (Miri Shefer)..................................................................................................... 273
South Asia (Unaiza Niaz)............................................................................................................ 274
United States (Angela Odoms-Young & Sawsan Abdulrahim)..................................................... 278
United States (Nora Ahlberg)..................................................................................................... 280

Nutrition and Dietary Practices
Arab States (Nahla Hwalla) .......................................................................................................
 283
Central Asia (Helene Perrin-Wagner)..........................................................................................
 285

Population Planning and Policies
Arab States (Kamran Asdar Ali)................................................................................................. 287
Central Asia (Ali Artaman) ......................................................................................................... 289
Europe (Cristina Bradatan) ........................................................................................................ 293
Iran and Afghanistan (Akbar Aghajanian).................................................................................... 295
South Asia (Zeba Sathar & Azeema Faizunissa).......................................................................... 297
Sub-Saharan Africa (Elisha P. Renne)......................................................................................... 299

Reproduction: Abortion
Arab States (Faysal el-Kak)....................................................................................................... 303
Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia (Shahin Gerami) .................................................................... 305
South Asia (Bruce Caldwell)....................................................................................................... 308
Tanzania (Margrethe Silberschmidt & Vibecke Rasch))............................................................... 310
Turkey (N. Yasemin Oguz))........................................................................................................ 311

Reproduction: Abortion and Islam
Overview (Donna Lee Bowen) .................................................................................................. 313

Reproduction: Birthing Practices
Southeast Asia, East Asia, Australia and the Pacific (Jennifer Nourse) ......................................... 316

Reproduction: Conception, Reproductive Choices and Islam
Overview (Anke Niehof) ........................................................................................................... 322

Reproduction: Health
Afghanistan (Shahin Gerami & Melodye Lehnerer) ..................................................................... 326
Central Asia (Colette Harris) ...................................................................................................... 326
Iran (Shahin Gerami & Melodye Lehnerer) ................................................................................. 328
Ottoman Empire (Leila Hudson).................................................................................................. 330
South Asia (Fauzia Ahmed)........................................................................................................ 333
Sub-Saharan Africa (John Caldwell)........................................................................................... 336

Reproduction: Infertility
Arab States (Marcia Inhorn) ...................................................................................................... 338
South Asia (Bruce Caldwell)....................................................................................................... 339

Reproduction: Medicalization of
Arab States (M. Suzanne Stimler) .............................................................................................. 342
Indonesia (Sri Endah Kinasih) .................................................................................................... 343
South Asia (Fouzieyha Towghi) .................................................................................................. 344
Sub-Saharan Africa (John C. Caldwell)....................................................................................... 347

Reproduction: New Technologies
Overview (Marcia C. Inhorn) ..................................................................................................... 350

Science: Medicalization and the Female Body
Overview (Omnia El Shakry)..................................................................................................... 353

Science and Modern Islamic Discourses
Overview (Sherine Hamdy) ........................................................................................................ 360

Science and Nation
Arab States (Elizabeth Bishop).................................................................................................... 366
South Asia (Gita Chadha)........................................................................................................... 367
Southeast Asia, Australia and the Pacific (Wendy Mee)............................................................... 369

Sexual Harassment
Arab States (Osire Glacier)......................................................................................................... 372
Iran (Pardis Ghandehari)............................................................................................................. 374
South Asia (Dina Siddiqi)............................................................................................................ 375
Sub-Saharan Africa: Sudan (Asma Abdel Halim)......................................................................... 377
Turkey (Pinar Ilkkaracan)........................................................................................................... 379
United States (Aminah McCloud)............................................................................................... 380

Sexualities: Practices
Central Asia (Colette Harris) ...................................................................................................... 383
Iran (Parvaneh Hoosmand) ........................................................................................................ 384
The Ottoman Empire (Dror Ze'evi).............................................................................................. 386
South Asia (Sabina Faiz Rashid)................................................................................................. 387
Sub-Saharan Africa (Signe Arnfred)............................................................................................ 389

Sexualities: Scientific Discourses, Modern
Overview (Sharyn Graham Davies) ............................................................................................ 393

Sexualities: Scientific Discourses, Pre-Modern
Overview (Ahmad Dallal) .......................................................................................................... 401

Sexualities: Sex Education Manuals, Modern
Canada (Taslim Madhani) .......................................................................................................... 408
Iran (Parvaneh Hoosmand)......................................................................................................... 409

Sexualities: Transexualities
Overview (Evelyn Blackwood) .................................................................................................. 411

Sexualities: Transvestism
Overview (Michelle Lee Guy)..................................................................................................... 418

Sleeping Fetus
Overview (Susan Gilson Miller)................................................................................................... 421

Spirit Possession
Africa: Introduction (Linda Giles)................................................................................................ 425
Arab States (Mandana Limbert).................................................................................................. 426
The Caucasus, Central Asia, Iran and Afghanistan (Victoria Arakelova)....................................... 429
East Africa (Linda Giles)............................................................................................................. 431
South Asia (Erin Moore)............................................................................................................. 433
Turkey (Sabine Strasser)............................................................................................................ 435
West Africa (David Berliner)....................................................................................................... 438

Sports
Arab States (Yoav Di-Capua) ................................................................................................... 440
Europe (Kristin Walseth)............................................................................................................ 441
Iran (Faranguis Habibi) .............................................................................................................. 443
Sub-Saharan Africa (Martha Saavedra)...................................................................................... 444
Turkey (Selcan Teoman) ............................................................................................................ 448

Suicide
Canada (Sajida Jalalzai) ............................................................................................................. 450
Central Asia (Colette Harris)....................................................................................................... 451
Suicide: Southeast Asia, East Asia, Australia and the Pacific (Jemma Purdey)............................... 453

Virginity
Arab States (Randa Bassem Serhan)........................................................................................... 457
Canada (Sajida Jalalzai).............................................................................................................. 458
The Caucasus (Feride Zurikashvili).............................................................................................. 460
East Europe (Kathleen Young) ................................................................................................... 461
The Ottoman Empire (Mario Ruiz) ............................................................................................. 462
South Asia (Sabina Faiz Rashid)................................................................................................. 463
Sub-Saharan Africa (Farouk Topan)........................................................................................... 465
The Caucasus (Feride Zurikashvili).............................................................................................. 465
Turkey (Ayse Parla)................................................................................................................... 466
West Europe (Lenie Brouwer).................................................................................................... 468


Scholars and Scholarships: Production of Doctoral Knowledge on Women and Islamic Cultures
(Tony Beukers, Eva Brown, Rhyen Coombs, Megan Fowler, Monica Garcia, Beth Lansom, Fatima Malik, Andrea McNees, Marya Osucha, Emily Rostel, Michelle Sandhoff, Cristeta Shope, Paulina Telderer, Nancy Wan)
Appendix .................................................................................................................................. 495
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 498


Indices to Volume III
Name Index .............................................................................................................................. 545
Subject Index ............................................................................................................................ 552

Suad Joseph | University of California, Davis | Brill | Order EWIC