Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures





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Volume II: Contents

List of Contributors............................................................................................................................... xv
List of Illustrations................................................................................................................................. xxi
Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................................... xxiii
Preface (Suad Joseph)................................................................................................................ xxvii

Adoption and Fostering
Overview (Ingrid Mattson)........................................................................................................ 1
Central Asia and the Caucasus (Marfua Tokhtakhodjaeva & Almaz Kadirova)........................... 3
North Africa (Jamila Bargach).................................................................................................... 4
Turkey (Ferhunde Özbay)......................................................................................................... 5

Apostasy
Overview (Nancy Gallagher) ....................................................................................................... 7

Armenian Women
Overview (Houri Berberian) ........................................................................................................ 10

Bahā'ī; Women
Overview (Susan Stiles Maneck)................................................................................................. 15

Citizenship
The Caucasus and Central Asia (Marie-Carin von Gumppenberg) .............................................. 19
Egypt, Sudan and Arab States (Valentine M. Moghadam) .......................................................... 21
The Gulf and Yemen (Rima Sabban) .......................................................................................... 24
Southeast Asia (Vivienne Wee & Asma Beatrix) ........................................................................ 25
Western Europe (Jocelyne Cesari) .............................................................................................
 29

Civil Society
Overview (Elizabeth F. Thompson) ............................................................................................ 34
Afghanistan (Elaheh Rostami Povey) .......................................................................................... 40
The Balkans (Jasna Bakšić Muftić)............................................................................................. 42
Iran (Farideh Farhi) ................................................................................................................... 43
Israel (Hanna Herzog)................................................................................................................ 44
Sub-Saharan Africa (Robert A. Dowd)....................................................................................... 47

Civil Society and Democracy Ideologies
Central Asia and the Caucasus (Anara Tabyshalieva) ................................................................. 50
South Asia (Rounaq Jahan)......................................................................................................... 52
Turkey (Yeşim Arat).................................................................................................................. 55

Colonialism and Imperialism
British Colonial Domains of South Asia (Siobhan Lambert-Hurley) .............................................. 59
East Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania (Susanna G. Rizzo) .......................................... 61
Egypt (Mervat F. Hatem) ........................................................................................................... 66
French North Africa (Patricia M. E. Lorcin) ................................................................................ 69
Middle East, British (Nancy L. Stockdale) .................................................................................. 70
Russian Colonial Domains of the Caucasus and Central Asia (Mitra Raheb) ................................. 72
Sub-Saharan Africa (Lorelle Denise Semley) ............................................................................... 74

Constitutions
The Caucasus and Central Asian States (Dono Abdurazakova) ................................................... 78
Indonesia (Susī Dwī Harījantī) ..................................................................................................... 79
The Islamic Republic of Iran and Afghanistan (Asghar Schirazi) .................................................... 81
South Asia (Laura Dudley Jenkins) .............................................................................................. 82
Sub-Saharan Africa (José C. M. van Santen) .............................................................................. 84

Democracy Ideologies
Arab States (Lindsey Fauss) ....................................................................................................... 87
Asia-Pacific Region (Mohammad Mohabbat Khan) ..................................................................... 89
Iran and Afghanistan (Azadeh Kian-Thiébaut) ............................................................................. 94
Israel (Elizabeth Anne Faier) ....................................................................................................... 95

Divorce and Custody: Contemporary Practices
Arab States (Willy Jansen) ......................................................................................................... 98
Australia (Jamila Hussain) .......................................................................................................... 100
Canada (Earle Waugh) .............................................................................................................. 102
The Caucasus and Central Asia (Marfua Tokhtakhodjaeva & Almaz Kadirova) ......................... 103
Iran and Afghanistan (Homa Hoodfar) ....................................................................................... 105
South Asia (Nasreen Fazalbhoy) ............................................................................................... 106
Western Europe (Haifaa Jawad) ................................................................................................ 108

Domestic Violence
Arab States (Leila Hessini) ......................................................................................................... 111
Canada (Shaheen Hussain Azmi) ................................................................................................ 112
The Caucasus (Feride Zurikashvili) ............................................................................................. 115
Central Asia (Marfua Tokhatakhodjaeva & Almaz Kadirova) ..................................................... 116
Iran and Afghanistan (Vida Nassehi-Behnam) ............................................................................. 117
Israel (Madelaine Adelman) ....................................................................................................... 119
The Ottoman Empire (Elyse Semerdjian) .................................................................................... 121
South Asia (Habiba Zaman) .......................................................................................................
 123
Sub-Saharan Africa (Scott London) ........................................................................................... 125
Turkey (Cânân Arin) .................................................................................................................. 128

Domesticity
The Caucasus (Farideh Heyat) ................................................................................................... 130
East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Australia (Mina Roces) ............................................................... 131
Iran and Afghanistan (Jasamin Rostam-Kolayi) ........................................................................... 134
Sub-Saharan Africa: Hausa Societies (Elsbeth Robson) .............................................................. 135
Turkey (Şule Toktaş) .................................................................................................................
 137

Family Relations
The Caucasus (Farideh Heyat) ................................................................................................... 140
Central Asia (Colette Harris) ..................................................................................................... 141
South Asia (Nita Kumar) ........................................................................................................... 142
Sub-Saharan Africa: Fulbe Societies (B. Lacey Andrews) .......................................................... 144
Turkey (Sevil Sümer) ................................................................................................................. 146
The United States (Barbara C. Aswad) ...................................................................................... 147
Western Europe (Chantal Saint-Blancat) .................................................................................... 151

Families: Metaphors of Nation
Overview (Kathryn Robinson) ................................................................................................... 154

Family: Modern Islamic Discourses
Canada (Alisa Perkins) .............................................................................................................. 161
Central Asia (Colette Harris) ...................................................................................................... 163
Iran and Afghanistan (Valentine M. Moghadam) ......................................................................... 164
Turkey and the Caucasus (E. Olcay Imamoğlu) .......................................................................... 165
The United States (Earle Waugh) ............................................................................................... 167

Fatwa
Overview (Elora Shehabuddin) .................................................................................................. 171

Freedom of Expression
Australia (Alia Imtoual) .............................................................................................................. 175
Iran (Masoud Kazemzadeh) ....................................................................................................... 177
South Asia (Ratna Kapur) .......................................................................................................... 179
Sub-Saharan Africa (Ousseina Alidou) ....................................................................................... 181
Turkey (Amberin Zaman) ........................................................................................................... 183
The United States (Mohamed Nimer) ......................................................................................... 184
Western Europe (Valérie Amiraux) ............................................................................................ 186

Friendship
Arab States (Celia E. Rothenberg) ............................................................................................. 189
The Caucasus and Central Asia (Andrea Giacomuzzi) ................................................................. 191
Iran and Afghanistan (Mary Elaine Hegland) ............................................................................... 192
South Asia (Rehana Ghadially) ................................................................................................... 194
Sub-Saharan Africa: West Africa (Frank A. Salamone) .............................................................. 195

Gender Socialization
Central Asia (Sofia Kasymova) .................................................................................................. 198
Iran and Afghanistan (Erika Loeffler Friedl) ................................................................................ 199
The Ottoman Empire (Madeline C. Zilfi) ..................................................................................... 201
South Asia (Zarina Bhatty) ......................................................................................................... 202
Sub-Saharan Africa: Swahili Societies (Kjersti Larsen) ............................................................... 204
Turkey and the Caucasus (Farideh Heyat) .................................................................................. 206
Gossip: Arab States (Ann Gardner) ............................................................................................ 210
Iran, Afghanistan, and South Asia (Mary Elaine Hegland) ...........................................................
 211

Honor
Iran and Afghanistan (Shahrzad Mojab) ..................................................................................... 215
South Asia (Erin Patrice Moore) ................................................................................................ 216
Turkey and the Caucasus (Ayşe Parla) ....................................................................................... 218

Honor: Crimes of
(Overview) (Lama Abu-Odeh) .................................................................................................. 221
Sub-Saharan Africa: Northern Nigeria (Allan Christelow) ........................................................... 222

Honor: Feminist Approaches to
Overview (Lama Abu-Odeh) ..................................................................................................... 225

Hospitality
Central Asia (Nodira Khaitbaevna Azimova) .............................................................................. 228
The Gulf and Yemen (Anne Meneley) ........................................................................................ 229
Iran, Afghanistan, and South Asia (Mary Elaine Hegland) ........................................................... 231
North Africa (Paula Holmes-Eber) ............................................................................................. 233
Turkey and the Caucasus (Irina Babich) ..................................................................................... 235

Household Division of Labor
Central Asia (Dono Abdurazakova) ........................................................................................... 237
Iran and Afghanistan (Erika Loeffler Friedl) ................................................................................ 238
South Asia (Sajeda Amin) .......................................................................................................... 239
Southeast Asia (Theresa W. Devasahayam) ............................................................................... 242
Sub-Saharan Africa (Beth Anne Buggenhagen) ........................................................................... 245
Turkey and the Caucasus (Nilüfer A. İsvan) ............................................................................... 247

Household Forms and Composition
The Caucasus (Farideh Heyat) ................................................................................................... 250
Central Asia (Colette Harris) ...................................................................................................... 251
Iran and Afghanistan (Erika Loeffler Friedl) ................................................................................ 252
The Ottoman Empire (Tomoki Okawara) ................................................................................... 254
South Asia (Indrani Chatterjee) .................................................................................................. 255
Sub-Saharan Africa (Scott M. Youngstedt) ................................................................................ 258
Turkey (Ferhunde Özbay) .......................................................................................................... 260
The United States (Mary Elaine Hegland) ...................................................................................
 262

Human Rights
Overview (Lynn Welchman) ...................................................................................................... 265
Arab Gulf and Yemen (Huda A. Seif) ......................................................................................... 269
Canada (Nadira Mustapha) ....................................................................................................... 270
Iran (Niaz Kasravi) .................................................................................................................... 272
Mashriq Arab States (Isis Nusair) .............................................................................................. 273
North Africa (Lilia Labidi) .......................................................................................................... 275
Sudan (Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban) ................................................................................................ 277
Sub-Saharan Africa (Christina Jones-Pauly) ............................................................................... 279
Turkey (Murat Çemrek) ............................................................................................................ 281

Identity Politics
Central Asia (Colette Harris) ...................................................................................................... 283
Iran and Afghanistan (Fakhri Haghani) ........................................................................................ 284
South Asia (Amrita Chhachhi) .................................................................................................... 286
Turkey (Katherine Pratt Ewing) .................................................................................................. 289
The United States (Katherine Bullock) ....................................................................................... 291
Western Europe (Nadia Fadil) ................................................................................................... 293

Infanticide and Abandonment of Female Children
Overview (Nancy Gallagher) ......................................................................................................
 296

Inheritance: Contemporary Practice
Arab States (Annelies Moors) .................................................................................................... 299
Iran and Afghanistan (Erika Loeffler Friedl) ................................................................................ 302
South Asia (Tazeen Mahnaz Murshid) ........................................................................................ 303

International Conventions
Overview (Adrien Katherine Wing) ............................................................................................ 306

International Organizations
Overview (Manzurul Mannan) .................................................................................................... 311
Jewish Women: Overview (Rachel Simon) ................................................................................. 315
Jihad: Arab States (Lori A. Allen) .............................................................................................. 319
East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Australia (Muhamad Ali) ............................................................. 321
Iran and Afghanistan (Azadeh Kian-Thiébaut) ............................................................................ 325
South Asia (Michel Boivin) ........................................................................................................ 326
Sub-Saharan Africa: West Africa (Jean Boyd) ........................................................................... 327

Kinship, Descent Systems
Sahelian West Africa and North Central Africa (Chad/Sudan) (Mirjam de Bruijn) ....................... 330
East Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, and the Pacific (Mina Elfira) ............................................... 331

Kinship, Descent Systems and State
Afghanistan (Senzil Nawid) ........................................................................................................ 335
The Caucasus (Ingrid Pfluger-Schindlbeck) ................................................................................ 336
South Asia (Aparna Rao) .......................................................................................................... 338

Kinship, Idiomatic
Iran (Erika Loeffler Friedl) ......................................................................................................... 345

Kinship and State
Arab States (Diane E. King) ...................................................................................................... 347
Ottoman (Kim Shively) .............................................................................................................. 349
Southeast Asia, East Asia, Australia, and the Pacific (Maila Stivens) ........................................... 351

Kinship: Milk
Overview (Avner Giladi) ............................................................................................................ 355

Kurdish Women
Overview (Shahrzad Mojab) ...................................................................................................... 358

Law: Access to the Legal System
Afghanistan (Nasrine Gross) ...................................................................................................... 367
Arab States (Anna Würth) ......................................................................................................... 367
The Balkans (Jasna Bakšić Muftić) ............................................................................................. 370
The Caucasus (Irina Babich) ...................................................................................................... 372
Central Asia (Dono Abdurazakova) ........................................................................................... 373
Iran (Mehrangiz Kar) ................................................................................................................. 374
The Ottoman Empire (Margaret L. Meriwether) ......................................................................... 375
South Asia (Shahida Lateef) ....................................................................................................... 377
Southeast Asia (Noraida Endut) ................................................................................................. 378
Sub-Saharan Africa (Leslye Amede Obiora) .............................................................................. 381
Turkey (Pinar Ilkkaracan) .......................................................................................................... 383
Western Europe (Qudsia Mirza) ................................................................................................
 384

Law: Articulation of Islamic and non-Islamic Systems
Arab States (Christina Jones-Pauly) ........................................................................................... 387
The Caucasus and Turkey (Irina Babich) .................................................................................... 390
Iran (Irene Schneider) ................................................................................................................ 392
Southeast Asia (Mark Cammack) .............................................................................................. 393
Sub-Saharan Africa (Erin E. Stiles) ............................................................................................ 396

Law: Criminal
Overview (Lynn Welchman) ...................................................................................................... 399
Afghanistan (Nasrine Gross) ...................................................................................................... 402
Arab States (Sherifa Zuhur) ....................................................................................................... 402
Bangladesh (Rubya Mehdi) ........................................................................................................ 405
Iran (Mehrangiz Kar) ................................................................................................................. 406
Pakistan (Rubya Mehdi) ............................................................................................................ 407
Turkey (Cânân Arin) .................................................................................................................. 409

Law: Cultural Defense
Overview (Kathleen M. Moore) ................................................................................................ 411

Law: Customary
Afghanistan (Palwasha L. Kakar) ............................................................................................... 414
The Caucasus (Irina Babich) ...................................................................................................... 415
Central Asia (Bill Bowring) ........................................................................................................ 416
The Gulf and Yemen (Najwa Adra) ........................................................................................... 418
Indonesia (Ranto Lukito) ........................................................................................................... 419
Mashriq Beduins (William Lancaster and Felicity Lancaster) ....................................................... 422
Sub-Saharan Africa (Erin E. Stiles) ............................................................................................ 424
Turkey (Pinar Ilkkaracan) .......................................................................................................... 426

Law: Enforcement
East Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, and the Pacific (Nadirsyah Hosen) ..................................... 429
Iran and Afghanistan (Jale Ahmadi) ............................................................................................ 432
South Asia (Nausheen Ahmad) .................................................................................................. 433
Sub-Saharan Africa (Mechthild Nagel) ....................................................................................... 436

Law: The Four Sunnì Schools of Family Law
Overview (Liyakat Takim) ......................................................................................................... 440

Law: Other Schools of Family Law
Overview (Liyakat Takim) ......................................................................................................... 446

Law: Family Law, 7th–Late 18th centuries
Overview (Ingrid Mattson) ......................................................................................................... 450

Law: Modern Family Law, 1800–Present
Afghanistan (Helena Malikyar) ................................................................................................... 458
Arab States (Lama Abu-Odeh) ................................................................................................. 459
Egypt (Laura Bier) .................................................................................................................... 463
Gulf, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen (Susanne Dahlgren) ................................................................... 465
Iran (Mehrangiz Kar) ................................................................................................................. 467
South Asia (Shahida Lateef) ....................................................................................................... 469
Turkey (Dicle Kogacioglu) ......................................................................................................... 472
The United States (Muneer Fareed) ........................................................................................... 473

Law: Women as Witnesses
Overview (Nadira Mustapha) .................................................................................................. 475
Memory, Women, and Community
Afghanistan (Margaret A. Mills) ...............................................................................................		 478
The Caucasus and Central Asia (Andrea Giacomuzzi) .............................................................. 479
Iran (Negar Mottahedeh) ......................................................................................................... 481
Turkey (Özlem Altan) .............................................................................................................. 482
Western Europe (Karin van Nieuwkerk) ..................................................................................
 483

Military: Women’s Participation
Sub-Saharan Africa (Gwendolyn Mikell) .................................................................................... 487
Turkey (Ayçe Gül Altinay) ......................................................................................................... 489
The United States (Shareda Hosein) ........................................................................................... 490

Modesty Discourses
Overview (Lila Abu-Lughod) ..................................................................................................... 494
Central Asia and the Caucasus (Colette Harris) .......................................................................... 498
Iran and Afghanistan (Mary-Catherine Daly) .............................................................................. 499
The Ottoman Empire (Kim Shively) ............................................................................................ 501
South Asia (Mary-Catherine Daly) ............................................................................................. 503
Sub-Saharan Africa: Somali Society (Mary-Catherine Daly) ....................................................... 504
Sub-Saharan Africa: West Africa (Dorothea Schulz) .................................................................. 506

Motherhood
Arab States (Farha Ghannam) .................................................................................................... 508
Australia (Pranee Liamputtong & Vicki Tsianakas) ..................................................................... 509
The Caucasus (Feride Zurikashvili) ............................................................................................. 512
Iran, Afghanistan, and South Asia (Mary Elaine Hegland) ........................................................... 513
Turkey (Kathryn Libal) .............................................................................................................. 515

Nation, Women, and Gender
Overview (Avi Rubin) ................................................................................................................ 518

National Insignia, Signs and Monuments
Arab States (Beth Baron & Sara Pursley) .................................................................................. 523
Iran (Afsaneh Najmabadi) .......................................................................................................... 524
Sub-Saharan Africa (Igor Cusack) ............................................................................................. 525

Networks
North Africa (Paula Holmes-Eber) ............................................................................................. 528
The Ottoman Empire (Leila Hudson) .......................................................................................... 529
South Asia (Fawzia Afzal-Khan) ................................................................................................ 531
Turkey (Julie Marcus) ................................................................................................................ 533
Western Europe (Pnina Werbner) .............................................................................................. 534

Patronage and Clientage
East Asia and Southeast Asia (Claudia Derichs) ......................................................................... 538
Turkey (Diane E. King) ............................................................................................................. 540

Peacekeeping and Conflict Management
Arab States (Norma T. Nemeh) ................................................................................................. 543
The Caucasus and Turkey (Diane E. King) ................................................................................. 544
South Asia (Paula Banerjee) ...................................................................................................... 546
Sub-Saharan Africa: The Horn and East Africa (Emily Frank) ..................................................... 548
Sub-Saharan Africa: West Africa (Jennifer L. De Maio) ............................................................. 550

Political Parties and Participation
Afghanistan (Mark David Luce) ................................................................................................. 551
Arabian Peninsula (Iris Glosemeyer) ........................................................................................... 551
The Balkans (Aydin Babuna) ..................................................................................................... 553
Canada (Katherine Bullock) ....................................................................................................... 554
Iran (Haleh Esfandiari) ............................................................................................................... 556
North Africa (Alain Roussillon) .................................................................................................. 557
South Asia (Sudha Ratan) .......................................................................................................... 559
Sub-Saharan Africa (Aili Mari Tripp) ......................................................................................... 561
Turkey (Ayşe Ayata) ................................................................................................................. 563

Political Prisoners
Iran and Afghanistan (Jale Ahmadi) ............................................................................................ 566

Political Regimes
Afghanistan (Mark David Luce) ................................................................................................. 568
Turkey (Fatmagül Berktay) ........................................................................................................ 569

Political-Social Movements: Ethnic and Minority
Iran and Afghanistan (Amir Hassanpour) .................................................................................... 571
Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria (Seteney Shami) ............................................................................ 573
North Africa (Paul A. Silverstein) ............................................................................................... 576
Sub-Saharan Africa: South Africa (Suleman E. Dangor) .............................................................. 577
Turkey (Pauline van Gelder) ....................................................................................................... 579

Political-Social Movements: Feminist
Afghanistan (Nima Naghibi) ....................................................................................................... 582
Arab States (Azza M. Karam) ................................................................................................... 582
The Caucasus (Mzia Tsereteli) ................................................................................................... 586
Central Asia (Chiara De Santi) ................................................................................................... 587
Iran (Nima Naghibi) ................................................................................................................... 589
Israel (Amalia Sa’ar) .................................................................................................................. 590
South Asia (Archana Parashar) .................................................................................................. 591
Sub-Saharan Africa (Barbara Callaway & Lucy Creevey) .......................................................... 594
Turkey (Ayfer Karakaya-Stump) ............................................................................................... 595
The United States (Maliha Chishti) ............................................................................................. 597

Political-Social Movements: Islamist Movements and Discourses
The Caucasus and Central Asia (Omar Ashour & Uzma Jamil) ................................................... 600
Indonesia (Jajang Jahroni) .......................................................................................................... 602
Iran and Afghanistan (Azadeh Kian-Thiébaut) ............................................................................ 604
Mashriq, Egypt and North Africa (Azza M. Karam) ................................................................... 606
Pakistan (Ghazala Anwar) .......................................................................................................... 609
Sub-Saharan Africa (Marleen Renders) ..................................................................................... 611
Sudan (Sondra Hale) ................................................................................................................. 614
Turkey (Fatmagül Berktay) ........................................................................................................ 615

Political-Social Movements: Islamist Movements and Discourses and Religious Associations
Canada (Nadira Mustapha) ....................................................................................................... 617

Political-Social Movements: Millenarian
South Asia (Sarah Ansari) ......................................................................................................... 620
Turkey (Ahmet Yaşar Ocak) ..................................................................................................... 622

Political-Social Movements: Peace Movements
Central Asia (Diane E. King) ..................................................................................................... 625
South Asia (Paula Banerjee) ...................................................................................................... 626
Turkey and the Caucasus (Diane E. King) .................................................................................. 628

Political-Social Movements: Protest Movements
The Balkans (Jasna Bakšić Muftić) ............................................................................................. 632
The Caucasus and Central Asia (Svetlana Peshkova) .................................................................. 633
Indonesia (Nursyahbani Katjasungkana) ..................................................................................... 636
Iran (Haideh Moghissi) .............................................................................................................. 639
North Africa (Alain Roussillon) .................................................................................................. 640
Palestine (Penny Johnson) .......................................................................................................... 642
Purdah in South Asia (Shahida Lateef) ....................................................................................... 644

Political-Social Movements: Revolutionary
Egypt (Laura Bier) ..................................................................................................................... 647
Indonesia (Saskia E. Wieringa) .................................................................................................. 648
Iran and Afghanistan (Hammed Shahidian) ................................................................................. 650
Iraq (Sara Pursley) .................................................................................................................... 652
North Africa (Fatima Sadiqi) ...................................................................................................... 653
Palestine (Lori A. Allen) ............................................................................................................. 655
South Yemen and Dhofar (Susanne Dahlgren) ............................................................................ 657
Sub-Saharan Africa: Eritrea (Dan Connell) ................................................................................. 659
Sudan (Sondra Hale) ................................................................................................................. 661
Syria (Elizabeth F. Thompson) ................................................................................................... 662
Turkey (Serpil Çakir) ................................................................................................................. 664

Political-Social Movements: Unions and Workers’ Movements
Arab States (excepting North Africa and the Gulf) (Elizabeth Bishop) ......................................... 666
Iran (Elaheh Rostami Povey) ...................................................................................................... 669
Turkey (Aylin Özman) ............................................................................................................... 670

Postcolonial Dissent
Malaysia and Indonesia (Julie Shackford-Bradley) ..................................................................... 672

Public Office
Afghanistan (Arpita Basuroy) ..................................................................................................... 677
Arab States (Amaney Jamal) ...................................................................................................... 678
The Caucasus and Central Asia (Dono Abdurazakova) .............................................................. 679
Iran (Haleh Esfandiari) ............................................................................................................... 681
Turkey (Oya Çitçi) .................................................................................................................... 682

Public/Private Dichotomy
Overview (Farha Gh20annam) ................................................................................................... 685

Race, Gender, and Difference
Egypt and Sudan (Anne M. Jennings & Maurita Poole) .............................................................. 689
The Ottoman Empire (Isa Blumi) ................................................................................................ 692
Turkey (Anna J. Secor) ............................................................................................................. 694
Western Europe (Nadia Hashmi) ...............................................................................................
 695

Rape
Overview (Elyse Semerdjian) ..................................................................................................... 698
The Ottoman Empire (Leslie Peirce) .......................................................................................... 700
South Asia (Geetanjali Gangoli) ................................................................................................. 702

Religious Associations
Central Asia (Chiara De Santi) ................................................................................................... 705
Iran and Afghanistan (Kathryn Spellman) .................................................................................... 706
Malaysia and Indonesia (Pute Rahimah Makol-Abdul & Saodah Abdul Rahman) ....................... 708
North Africa (Margaret J. Rausch) ............................................................................................. 711
Turkey (Ayşe Saktanber) .......................................................................................................... 712
The United States (Mohamed Nimer) ........................................................................................ 714
Western Europe (Kari Vogt) ..................................................................................................... 715

Sectarianism and Confessionalism
Egypt (Febe Armanios) .............................................................................................................. 720
The United States (Rula Abisaab) .............................................................................................. 721

Secularism
Arab States (excepting North Africa and the Gulf) (Annika Rabo) .............................................. 725
India (Ratna Kapur) ................................................................................................................... 726
Iran (Afsaneh Najmabadi) .......................................................................................................... 727
Pakistan (Ayesha Jalal) .............................................................................................................. 728
Turkey (Burçak Keskin-Kozat) ................................................................................................. 730
Western Europe (Gritt Klinkhammer) ......................................................................................... 732

Sexual Abuse: Children
The Balkans (Džamna Duman ) .................................................................................................. 735
The Caucasus and Turkey (Mary Ellen Chatwin) ........................................................................ 736
Iran (Manijeh Daneshpour) ........................................................................................................ 737
South Asia (Shamita Das Dasgupta) .......................................................................................... 738

Shah Bano Affair
Overview (Zoya Hasan) ............................................................................................................. 741

Social Hierarchies: Modern
East Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, and the Pacific (Etin Anwar) ............................................... 745
Gulf and Yemen (Mandana Limbert) .......................................................................................... 748
North Africa (Jamila Bargach) ................................................................................................... 749

Stereotypes
Afghanistan (Arpita Basuroy) ................................................................................................... 752
Canada (Patricia L. Kelly Spurles) ........................................................................................... 753  
South Asia (Sabiha J.Hussain).................................................................................................. 755
The United States: Arab Muslim Women as Portrayed in Film (Jack G. Shaheen) ..................... 757
Western Europe (Valérie Amiraux) .......................................................................................... 759

Sufi Orders and Movements
The Balkans (Amila Buturovic) ................................................................................................... 761
Egypt (Valerie J. Hoffman) ......................................................................................................... 762
North Africa (Margaret J. Rausch) ............................................................................................. 764
Turkey, South Asia, Central Asia, Afghanistan, Iran, the Caucasus, the Arab East
(Marcia Hermansen) ..................................................................................................................		 766
The United States (Marcia Hermansen) ...................................................................................... 770
Western Europe (Gritt Klinkhammer) ......................................................................................... 772

Umma
Overview (Ahmad Dallal) .......................................................................................................... 775

Women’s Rights: Male Advocacy
Overview (Elizabeth Frierson) .................................................................................................... 779

Women’s Studies Programs in Muslim Countries
The Caucasus and Turkey (Hande A. Birkalan-Gedik) ............................................................... 783
Central Asia (Dinara Alimdjanova) ............................................................................................. 785
Iran (Farideh Farhi) ................................................................................................................... 786

Women’s Unions and National Organizations
Afghanistan (Mana Kia) ............................................................................................................. 788
Iran (Mana Kia) ........................................................................................................................ 789
Turkey (Ömer Çaha) ................................................................................................................. 790

Youth Culture and Movements
Iran (Farideh Farhi) ................................................................................................................... 792
North Africa (including Egypt) (Jamila Bargach) ......................................................................... 793
Turkey (Leyla Neyzi) ................................................................................................................. 794
The United States (Kristine Ajrouch) .......................................................................................... 795
Western Europe (Annalisa Frisina) ............................................................................................. 798

Zoroastrian Women
Overview (Katayun Mazdapour) ................................................................................................ 800

Indices to Volume II
Name Index .............................................................................................................................. 805
Subject Index ............................................................................................................................ 828


Suad Joseph | University of California, Davis | Brill | Order EWIC